Pipeline thermal analysis






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Oil and gas value chain

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1                                   Oil and gas value chain The oil and gas value chain starts with searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields and ends with providing products to end consumers. The different sections of the oil and gas value chain are: ·          Upstream ·          Midstream ·          Downstream The upstream, midstream and downstream sectors are described below. The figures below provides an overview of the Oil & Gas Value Chain. Figure 1 ‑ 1 : Oil and gas value chain Figure 1 ‑ 2 : Gas value chain Figure 1 ‑ 3 : Gas value chain 1.1                   Upstream, midstream and downstream parts of the value chain Figure 1 ‑ 4 : Upstream, midstream and downstream parts of the value chain 1.1.1                       Upstream The   oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors:   upstream ,   midstream and   downstream. The upstream oil sector is also commonly known
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Pigging

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Pig is an acronym for Pipeline Inspection Gauge. Pigging is an in-line inspection  (ILI) method in which devices known as “pigs” are inserted into pipelines to clean and/or inspect the pipeline. The main benefits of pigging a pipeline are to clear the line of debris and also to gather information about the pipeline. The user then uses this information to map out defects to aid repair crews in maintenance. Types of pigs a.        Utility pigs: used to   clean rubbish/debris from the pipeline or to seal   the pipeline b.       Inspection pigs: used to gather data/ information such as pipeline's diameter, curvature, bends, temperature, anomalies on the pipe internal wall, metal loss, general corrosion, erosion corrosion, pitting, weld anomalies, hydrogen induced cracking, the presence and location of corrosion.  Smart pig is an example. Two methods used for inspection are: i.  Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) – sends magnetic flux into the pipe walls for leak, corrosion
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Leak detection methods

 LEAK DETECTION METHODS FOR ONSHORE PIPELINE Leak detection is used to determine where a leak has occurred in liquid and gas pipeline systems. Methods of detection include hydrostatic testing (hydrotest), infrared, and laser technology after pipeline erection and leak detection during service. The likely causes of pipeline leakage   Causes of pipeline leakage can be divided into five main categories: o    Internal and external corrosion o    Third party damage o    Operational error o    Natural hazards o    Mechanical failure Leak detection for the pipeline may be achieved by the provision of equipment (eg. Pipeline Integrity Monitoring & Leak Detection Systems (PIMS)) to undertake constant monitoring of pressure sensing devices located at each end of the pipeline and at the intermediate isolating valve stations. The output from these monitoring devices, should be displayed in the main control room, and thereby enable the operators to id
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